To assess heterogeneity among different subgroups, including age, BMI, diabetes, and hypertension, interaction terms were evaluated using the log-likelihood ratio test. In both types of regression analyses, unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models were employed, with WWI treated as both a continuous variable and a categorical variable. To compare baseline characteristic differences across different WWI quartiles, survey-weighted linear regression and survey-weighted Chi-square test were utilized for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. The continuous variables were expressed as weighted mean ± standard error (SE), and the categorical variables were presented as weighted percentage and SE. The study identified and adjusted potential covariates based on published studies on WWI and factors pertaining to testosterone level and TD. A possible reason could be the medication administration and lifestyle changes of the participants after the diagnosis of hypertension, which could have led to weight loss and the subsequent increment of serum testosterone levels13. In previous studies, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio were shown to be accurate indicators of abdominal obesity but were ineffective for distinguishing between subcutaneous fat and visceral fat35. The relationships between anthropometric indices of obesity and testosterone levels have been investigated previously. As shown in Table 3, in the crude, partially adjusted, and fully adjusted models, the WWI and WWI quartile groups were negatively related to serum total testosterone levels. Measurement of serum total testosterone was performed using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) method. Testosterone deficiency, defined as serum total testosterone level less than 300 ng/dL, affects approximately 30% of men aged 40–79 years5,6. All hormone and SHBG associations were stronger for WC than for waist-hip ratio or BMI. However, using the estradiol/testosterone ratio as a proxy of testosterone-to-estradiol conversion did not yield significant results. A significant proportion of elderly men have a testosterone level which is below the normal range seen in young men.1 Low testosterone levels in ageing men may result in symptoms of hypoandrogenism and such symptoms may therefore be responsive to testosterone replacement.2, 3 Furthermore, low testosterone has been reported to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, stroke, mortality and Alzheimer's disease,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 raising the possibility that there could also be prognostic advantages from testosterone replacement. Univariate analyses were performed to investigate the conditions related to the decrease in testosterone levels (inflammation, diabetes, eating disorders, waist circumference, previous diagnosis of OSAS, decompensated OSAS). The best types of exercise to increase your testosterone levels are weightlifting and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). In one yearlong study, 65 men who took 3,300 IU of vitamin D daily increased their testosterone levels by 20% over those who didn't. However, a subsequent study showed that taking 3 grams of D-aspartic acid did not affect testosterone levels. Secondly, the high-quality NHANES data allowed us to include potential covariates that might influence the relationship between WWI and testosterone levels. This might explain the weakened relationship between WWI and testosterone levels and the risk of testosterone deficiency in the smoking group. Furthermore, the correlations of BMI, WC and WHt ratio with TT were stronger than their correlations with cFT. Based on the r values, the correlations of TT and cFT with WC were slightly stronger than the respective correlations with BMI, while the correlations of WHt ratio with TT and cFT were stronger than their correlations with WC. The scatter plots showing the correlations of TT and cFT with BMI, WC and WHt ratio are shown in Figure 2. However, in analyses performed with the inclusion of these subjects, there was no significant difference in the observed relationships. LH levels were not normally distributed but there was no difference in the correlations of LH after normalisation by log transformation so for simplicity the non-transformed data are shown. According to American Urological Association guidelines on TD, the TD was defined as a total testosterone level below 300ng/dL, measured on two separate occasions in the morning . The primary outcome of our analysis were the associations of WWI with total testosterone level and the occurrence of TD. Participants without data on sex hormones and body measures were excluded. As a result, researchers continue to seek novel indicators capable of accurately assessing visceral adiposity, which are imperative to thoroughly elucidate the relationship between visceral obesity and TD. With the evolution of understanding obesity, visceral adiposity combined with central obesity are gaining increased attention from researchers due to its heightened relevance to poor metabolic characteristics . Subgroup analysis of the association between continuous WWI and testosterone level as well as testosterone deficiency, weighted Graphics of smooth curve fittings between WWI and total testosterone level and testosterone deficiency. Subsequently, weighted logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between WWI and occurrence of TD. The association between WWI and testosterone level from NHANES 2013–2016, weighted When these variables were converted into quartiles, participants in Q4 compared to Q1 showed risks of TD as 2.47 (1.32, 6.87), 2 displays the associations of WWI with total testosterone level and risk of TD. Secondly, the fully adjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that each unit increase in BMI, WC, and weight corresponded to increased risks of TD of 1.12 (1.10, 1.15), 1.02 (1.01, 1.06), and 1.01 (1.00, 1.03), respectively. Baseline characteristics of participants from NHANES 2013–2016 study by WWI quartiles, weighted Morning administration produces measurable GH elevation but at lower peak amplitude. Growth hormone secretion peaks during slow-wave sleep, and administering tesamorelin in the evening (typically 30–60 minutes before bed) aligns with this natural rhythm, optimizing pituitary response. Exactly what makes tesamorelin relevant for men over 40 whose primary metabolic risk isn't visible fat but the inflammatory, insulin-resistant tissue surrounding their organs. Subcutaneous abdominal fat decreased only 6.8% in the tesamorelin cohort, confirming VAT selectivity. A 26-week randomized controlled trial published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism enrolled 412 men aged 35–60 with elevated VAT (≥130 cm² measured via CT scan). When perilipin is phosphorylated, hormone-sensitive lipase gains access to triglycerides stored in adipocytes, cleaving them into free fatty acids and glycerol for oxidation. Tesamorelin stimulates this pathway without the sustained supraphysiological GH levels that exogenous GH administration produces. The men who lost weight through dietary restriction reduced subcutaneous fat preferentially; VAT decreased only 8–12%, far below the subcutaneous reduction of 18–25%. Standard approaches (caloric deficit, increased cardio) reduce total body fat but show poor selectivity for visceral depots. Even when total body weight stays relatively stable. The body will work on breaking down alcohol for energy before it reaches any stored fat waiting to be burned. Interestingly, drinking beer may also interfere with your body’s ability to burn fat efficiently.